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ISC Class 12 Chemistry Notes ISC Class 12 Chemistry Notes 1. Solid State Definition: Study of solids, their structures, and properties. Key Concepts: Unit Cell: Smallest repeating unit in a crystal lattice. Types of Solids: Crystalline and Amorphous. Defects in Solids: Point defects, line defects, etc. 2. Solutions Definition: Homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances. Key Concepts: Concentration Terms: Molarity, Molality, Normality. Colligative Properties: Boiling point elevation, Freezing point depression. 3. Electrochemistry Definition: Study of chemical reactions that produce electricity. Key Concepts: Electrolysis: Decomposition of a compound by electric current. Electrochemical Cells: Galvanic and electrolytic cells. Nernst Equation: Determines the equilibrium potential of anRead More →

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ISC Class 12 Physics: Electrostatics Notes Electrostatics – Class 12 Physics Notes (ISC) 1. Basic Concepts Electric Charge (q): Fundamental property that causes electric interactions. Unit: Coulomb (C), Quantized as q = nĀ·e (e = 1.6Ɨ10ā»Ā¹ā¹ C). Types: Positive and Negative. Like charges repel, unlike attract. 2. Coulombā€™s Law F = (1 / 4Ļ€Īµā‚€) Ɨ (qā‚qā‚‚ / rĀ²) Īµā‚€ = 8.85 Ɨ 10ā»Ā¹Ā² CĀ²/NĀ·mĀ² 3. Electric Field (E) E = F / qā‚€ E = (1 / 4Ļ€Īµā‚€) Ɨ (q / rĀ²) Direction is outward for +q and inward for ā€“q. 4. Electric Field Lines Begin on +ve, end on ā€“ve charges. Never intersect. DensityRead More →